Cartagena was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal. This city was a critical hub in the Carthaginian and subsequent Roman empire, thanks to its strategic location on the Mediterranean and proximity to local silver mines. In 209 BC, it was captured by Rome, which contributed significantly to the Roman conquest of Spain. Throughout the Middle Ages, Cartagena, like much of southern Spain, fell under Moorish rule for several centuries until the Christian Reconquista occurred in 1245 under the Crown of Castile.

Visitors to Cartagena today can witness the city's deep historical roots, as each of these successive civilizations constructed their own churches, palaces, and castles on top of the structures of their predecessors. This layered history continually reveals new discoveries.

While other Spanish cities like Barcelona, Málaga, and Alicante have gained prominence in recent times, Cartagena remains an important industrial and trading port, particularly for agricultural products, oil, and mineral ores. Additionally, it's recognized as a naval seaport and a popular tourist destination. The city is home to the National Museum of Underwater Archaeology (ARQUA) and is renowned for its beautifully restored Roman ruins.